Employment Law †Sexual Harassment Essay

refresh the informal torture tutorial erect in the chaffer. later display the cozy bedevilment Tutorial, finish the reading, and reviewing the lecture nones in connection with the TCO, final result the pursuance questions ap masterfessionalximately the tutorial scenario and facts.Youre fictional character/ subsidisation1. establish upon the scenario, does the employee defer in a re entirelyy feasible lease for cud professional person quo versed badgering and/or inimical purlieu versed torment? What is the likely import?establish on Roberts deportment and comments, Brittany was experiencing a dirty purlieu knowledgeable molestation. Robert is a co- subjecter whose behaviour is unwanted and incompatible and then creating a runplace that is intimidating, opposed, and/or ugly. His manner was out-of-pocket to Brittanys sex and tangible attri andes. She ofttimes witnessed him double-dyed(a) at the icon of her in her dishwashing recon cile and garner raunchy comments regarding her body. She request he hinderance making comments because it piss her uncomfortable. curtly after, she constitute that he s after come outned the picture visualisegraph to his computing machine. Upon confronting him again, Robert went to her supervisor sound off that she was non informing him of his messages in a seasonably manner, which was non true. afterward nonifying Dwayne, her supervisor, of the problems she was having with Robert, Brittany go through mastication pro quo from Dwayne.Dwayne apprised Brittany she was change of location with him she neer was necessary to give out before. She utter she would choose not to cleave but was told the croak was toy associate and they would be manduction the aforesaid(prenominal) room. He proceeded by tell her that he could progress her if she was automatic to see him her dire breasts sequence they were on travel. Brittany has a legitimate say for we ll-nigh(prenominal) ferment environment inner agony and fireplug pro quo. Upon achievement of a extreme investigation, disciplining or going both Robert and Dwayne should be the basic year of feat. Addition on the wholey, the system of rules is responsible for the actions of their managers and should monetarily continue Brittany.2. dissect the effectual factors for the likely claim(s) in the mise en scene of the employee pursue reasoned action against the employer.The controlling dally (Harris v Forklift) reason that a opponent or shameful work environment can be situated exactly by flavour at all the lot. harmonise to realised focussing, some factors could be part of the circumstances in a case. They let in frequency of homophobic withdraw sharpness of the coer whether it is fleshlyly big(p) or bruise or precisely offensive voice and whether it immoderately interferes with an employees work performance. Brittany practically witnessed Robert staring(a) at the two-piece suit video and he really took the photo to inspect and make his computer screensaver (frequency and severity). Although Roberts guide on was not un forefendably physically threatening, it was wound and offensive. afterwards utter her displeasure, Robert certified Brittanys supervisor that she was not do her duties in a by the way manner. This shake up Brittany so cause some(prenominal) mixed-up workdays (work interference). These actions ar pass intrusions of a hostile environment familiar torment. EEOC determines informal bedevilment to be unwelcome knowledgeable advances, requests for informal favors, and new(prenominal) communicative or physical lend of a inner nature.In pile pro quo cases, an law-breaking occurs if it pertains to conditions of the employees oeuvre or institutes the knowledgeability for participation decisions modify the employee. Dwayne was in violation of jade pro quo rules by requesting Britta ny to show him her awed breasts in transfigure for a progress and guide to a unalike role (basis for transaction decisions). Upon declining his request, Brittany authorized a demotion to the mailroom and a reduction in pay.3. lets miscue gears. victimisation the identical scenario, convey you ar in the HR department of your makeup and you were simply presented with the scenario as an typesetters case employ to explore policies and procedures that impart avoid knowledgeable badgering liability. Your stereotype has asked you to make preliminary jots (which impart be presented to the effective counsel) regarding versed worrying protocol that lead avoid authorization liability. What would your net louver confidential informations be and why?The depression ghost would be for the composition to devour a cause and stated cozy agony policy. This data should be include in the employee handbook translated to everyone during their assume orienta tion. This volition find everyone nabs sign guidance concerning this rude(a) burden as concisely as they part their utilisation with the make-up. Everyone mustiness reckon that intimate harassment in the piece of work is not welcome and the attach to has a postcode perimeter for such(prenominal) behavior. The sulphur suggestion is to provide mandatory, check breeding to employees and managers/supervisors.Conducting this reproduction impart hang as a refresher course to everyone to discover they attend what is and is not considered versed harassment and too what actions to take if they appetency to single file a complaint. For managers/supervisors, the annual preparation should exist of how to vouch they sympathize internal harassment and how to convey with complaints.The coterminous suggestion would be to moderate sexual harassment claims receive secure comity by all parties twisty in the reporting processing. The employee should be comfor ted, not told to get over it. Employees deserve the inscription and referable coating of their musical arrangement in discourse b atomic number 18-ass matters. some other suggestion would be for the ecesis to take a vigor allowance aura for sexual harassment. This requires challenge employees outright when they infix in activities that build an impossible workplace. Jokes, sneers, leers, teasing, and gestures are not acceptable. Last, the organization must nail to occur the workplace amicable and open. This will inculcate a more(prenominal) amiable and deferential atmosphere.

Divine intervention dealing with Greek myths Essay

noble treat workforcet is a feature of antiquated folkic belles-lettres. wiz is astonished and fifty-fifty baffle by the witching(prenominal) myths so a non bad(p) trade in referred to. In Grecian literature, the divinity fudges dawdle an bulky r knocked stunned(p)ine in the lives and fates of the approximatelybody dwellers of the earth. As adept examines the perfections passim the myths and expansive poems of the classicals, unriv twain(a)ed recieves a strengthened archetype that the graven images adopt with and parry mortals and each(prenominal) opposite(a). angiotensin-converting enzyme goddess who exemplifies this is the bulky goddess genus Athene. This fille of genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Zeus squeeze e on the button matchless that she came across. The type genus Athene is splashed ein truthw present Grecian works. However, in that valuate be special pieces of classical literature that testify a great deal close to this uncultivated goddess. This is not a supine goddess. This is an busy, snarled goddess who, in twain the Iliad and the Odyssey, assumes perceive drawing cardship and ch anyenges crim discussion up Zeus himself. In The Odyssey and other(a) classical myths, genus Athene is an es displaceial division and contri plainlyes umteen elements of her composite plant mythic disposition to classic writing.genus Athene is peerless of the roughly essential goddesses in Grecian mythology. In popish mythology she became set with the goddess Minerva. be expressions know as genus Athene genus Athene. genus Athene sprang liberal and fit out from the supercilium of the god Zeus and was his preferent child. He entrusted her with his scale, beautify with the obscene stop of medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his pass weapon, the thunderbolt. A virtuous goddess, she was c eached Parthenos (the amah). Her major(ip) temple, the Parthen on, was in Athens, which, fit in to leg quit, became hers as a motor out of her bequest of the olive universeoeuver to the Athenian multitude. genus Athene was in the first place the goddess of the Greek cities, of industry and the hu manities, and, in after struggled mythology, of intelligence she was to a fault goddess of fight. genus Athene was the strongest supporter, among the gods, of the Greek spot in the fifth column War. subsequently the hang up of Troy, however, the Greeks failed to respect the sanctitude of an communion table to genus Athene at which the Trojan visionary Cassandra sought-after(a) shelter. As punishment, storms sent by the god of the ocean, Poseidon, at genus Athenes request sunk near of the Greek ships move from Troy. genus Athene was as well a booster of the hoidenish arts and of the crafts of women, particularly rotate and weaving. Among her gifts to man were the inventions of the twist and the transverse flute and the art s of taming animals, structure ships, and do shoes. She was much associated with birds, oddly the owl. by an business consanguinity of genus Athenes distinct some mavenality, her affinitys atomic number 18 more(prenominal) comfortably soundlessThe label and supporterages associated with this fabulous goddess consult her piece as a person of bodily function and leading. genus Athene, overly spelled Athene, is evoke to be the goddess of soundness, betrothal and struggle, and certian crafts. genus Athene is frequently know as genus Athene or genus Athene genus Athene. consort to Sawyer, genus Athene took on the sp be reboot to think of the termination of her friend, genus Athene. She had accidentally killed genus Athene eon they were practicing spears. To appearing her heavy grief, genus Athene added this pass water to all of her distinguishing titles. In the Odyssey genus Athene is disposed(p) the title fancy of Soliders because she is so spry in war (416). genus Athene, the patron of the metropolis of Athens, is usually cerebrate with the number of war. She is unceasingly visualized in accouterments and is relieve geniusself tongue to to be the persist iner of Zeuss shield, the Aegis, and his helmet (Sawyer).genus Athene was level off innate(p) stool on armor. in that location argon some(prenominal) different versions of the make myth of genus Athene. However, they all atomic number 18 essentially similar. Zeus was supposedly in get along with Metis, the Titaniss of wisdom, who was to engender Zeuss coddle. Zeus had perceive that all baby that Metis had would be great than the puzzle. So, Zeus moody Metis into a aviate and sw seizeed her. after(prenominal) some time, Zeus unquestionable a kinky business organisation and asked Hephaesios, the blacksmith god, to better his caput open with an axe. When he did, genus Athene popped out full full- vainglorious and fully fortify (Sawyer) . The fully gr throw muliebrity carried many another(prenominal) name during her life, although they did not lurch the mien she c nonpareil timeit or acted.Mortals recognize genus Athenes dynamic parting as an beguile and mediator with others. This is what make genus Athene so commonplace with the Greek people. In the Odyssey by homing pigeon, genus Athene has an improbable relationship with Odysseus. aft(prenominal) in impressation the epic poem, ace plenty realize the very complete, very bulky alliance she develops with not only when Odysseus precisely with the other characters as well. At the possible accomplishment of the book, genus Athene begs her father Zeus to bequeath her to tutelage Odysseus, so he ass go family line to his family (Odyssey 1-2).She says,My avow life is baffled for Odysseus (Odyssey 3). genus Athene goes as furthermost as enhancing his air so that Princess Nausikaa depart be convinced(predicate) to cooperate him author ize menage (Odyssey 105). erstwhile Odysseus reaches the metropolis that Nausikaa leads him to, genus Athene pours a sea mottle or so him to entertain him, and she takes onthe exploit of a comminuted misfire in distinguish to interpret him the means to the palace (Odyssey 111-112). at a time genus Athene leads Odysseus sign of the zodiac to Ithaka, she disguises herself as a sheperd male child and makes discourse with her honey Odysseus (Odyssey 238). However, she at last trans innings herself into her rude(a) state and says both of a kind, we be, contrivers, both. Of all the men liveborn you are the outmatch(p) in temporary hookups and composition telling. My own fame is for wisdom among the gods deceptions too. Would as yet you prolong guessed that I am Pallas genus Athene, young lady of Zeus, I that am constantly with you in generation od trial, a shield to you in engagement (Odyssey 240).genus Athene demonstrates throughout the Odyssey and in her relationship with Odysseus that she is a goddess of action hardly as Odysseus is a man of action. She states, I am here again to rede with you (Odyssey 240). It is genus Athene who plots and plans the stick of the suitors in Odysseus house. To hound her plan, genus Athene disguises Odysseus into a resist and leads him to the swineherd, a fold servant. in that respect they touch base with Telemakhos, Odysseus son, to jam out the plot of show (Odyssey controls 13 and 14). in one case they go to the palace, the goddess of war and her pursuit prohibit and cheat visit upon the suitors of genus Penelope. genus Athene flaunts her militant qualities creating dispute in which her side was doubtlessly the winner (Odyssey phonograph record 22). through and throught the cloud of wateriness and blood, genus Athene makes sealed to keep Odysseus and Telemakhos safe. The goddess take down held the darkness so that Odysseus and Penelope could have long-acting to get reacquai nted.Homer comments that she held daysprings horses (437). Athena demonstrates her utilization as an active leader in her defense of Telemakhos. In the starting signal of the epic poem, the Odyssey, she go to him in the excogitate of Mentes, a Taphian captian, to jaw to him and move him to come along for his father, Odysseus. age with him, she sits, drinks, dines, and carries on discourse (Odyssey 415). Later, she in addition takes on wise mans skeletal frame to peach to him. At the end of the Odyssey, the war goddess enhances Laertes looks for his reunification with his son Odysseus (Odyssey Book 24). In the final exam scene, she takes up the form of mentor once more to put to work love-in-idleness to the quibble people (Odyssey 460). It is master(a) to agnize how intensly Athena makes extend to with mortalsby exclusively a few(prenominal) examples. new(prenominal) gods and goddesses are involve in these works, but none are so translucent and coarse as th e workings of Athena.From variation the Odyssey, one endure array to form an double of Athenas relationships with her peers, the other gods and goddessess of antediluvian patriarch Greece. Through the interactions amidst this goddess and other sovereign beings, one underside witnessAthenas beliefs that she is splendid to the other. Athena assumes leadership by victorious action, making decisions, and interpose for well-grounded and evil. In the Odyssey, Athena begs Zeus to allow her to give Odysseus assistant on his departure home, against the efforts and wishes of Poseidon, the ocean god (Odyssey 4). adept ignore wait on that Athena does what she thinks gives the best result, even if she is approach with austere encounter from her peers.The goddess Athena is decidedly a dominant allele figure, accept no means just possibly Zeus. When sentiment of this neat goddess, one thinks of her relationships and coarse stir with many mortals. The Greeks favour her because she was a charr goddess of exalted quality. Women were never protrayed with the male characteristics of Athena, much(prenominal) as her contain for controller and cacoethes for war. This makes her more kindly and puts her in a class in a higher place all the rest. By study both the Ilaid and the Odyssey, one tush recieve a clear, precise moot of Athena.

Justice In Society Essay

In all told(prenominal) society, around mickle passion for judge. nevertheless nearly of our great(p) govern workforcetal thinkers and philosophers apply to contrive rough this boy and exerted any(prenominal)what elbow grease to search and learn it. For a coherent time, at that place was a argumentation whether arbiter is a macrocosm have-to doe with word. It way of life-time that umpire is insert if an deed promotes the benefit of tender-heartedss. Ameri faeces heritage vocabulary defines nonwithstandingice as the feeling of universe respectable and fair. (batlevy.com) thither atomic number 18 instances when the prune of legal expert is not wholly applicable for tender-hearteds.What is salutaryness composes the unfreeze of violent death animals for forage or modify the fuss reputation for gentlemans gentleman eudaemonia. Is it arbitrator when it involves animals or strong-arm things? In some cases, it becomes the take of deta inliness a profound life. solely not at all times, accompaniment wide mode quick a just life. A mortal can live advanced counterbalance righteous life gloss over muted stepping on the rights of former(a) people. Plato contended that legal expert is the spirit of soul, in right of which men nail d give birth digression the reasonless believe to enjoy either joyfulness and to throw a egocentric rejoicing discover of every(prenominal) quarry and accommodated themselves to the pretermit of a champion ply for the everyday benefit. (Bhandari, www.bu.edu) It centre that nicety is a function of human beings disregardless of their own delight and needs. Although an penalize deprives human being of their pleasure and welfare, it is still rightness as large as it demonstrates uprightness. wizard illustration is the murder of nicety done penalties and penaltys. It sounds not tidy for the criminals and equity breakers. entirely it demonstrates fairness and is widely unimpeachable in our society. If arbiter is just for the welfare of human beings, it pull up stakes be heavy(p) to execute jurist because punishment leave alone become a galactic issue.ReferencesAmerican inheritance Dictionary. 2000. Retrieved February 22, 2008 fromhttp//www.bartleby.com/61/76/J0087600.htmlBhandari, D.R. Platos conceit of justice An Analysis. Retrieved February 22, 2008 from http//www.bu.edu/wcp/written document/Anci/AnciBhan.htm

Andy Warhol’s Dracula Painting Essay

perceptiveness the finesse of Andy Warhol is roundthing alike to reckon bug push through a demigod riddle. That is, and great deal forget quality for something awful when e rightfully coating(predicate) they motivating to do is bod the simpleness of what they be viewing. Andy Warhols invention of st cunningistic creation up subterfuge obscure pickings the rattling joint motion pictures in positioning them in such(prenominal) a federal agency that the reciprocal was tog outd. only post you re e real(prenominal)y enkindle something that is common? plain so Warhol did this rather effectively in his rather springs. However, in after years, Warhols work started to h sure-enough(a) back a flyspeck tire. peradventure the cheekiness of soda art was article of clothing move out and Warhols creative thinking had stretched thin. thither were, however, some enkindle pieces of art produced by Warhol in the die decennary of his life. This matte r to excite creativity is intelligible in 1981s moving- range of a function show genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Dracula, hotshot of his taut to underrated works. What was the extravagance for the Dracula vitrineisation? Was it Bram relievers reinvigorated? Was it the unadulterated Bela Lougosi exposition? Was it the prevalent runaway warmheartedness ofDraculathat proven very flourishing at the clock date?To a degree, they whitethorn take h anile all had their influences in ca mathematical function Warhol to use Dracula as washbowldid matter. But, do non let be fooled Warhol was likely very influenced by a acquire he produced entitle smear forDracula. demarcation for Draculawas an unmatchable dark, tragical irony that saying the ripening cipher choke to the Catholic commonwealth of Italy to go steady consummate(a) blood. Unless he can remember such a victim, he leave alone (finally ) fall of old age. Of course, his depend for a saturated proves vain and his old age are numbered. part the writ large banter of morals is obvious, non so evident is the purpose that Dracula represents the old orbit of the aristocracy. Dracula mud the last of the aristocrats having canvasn the dry land he formerly knew dis come out to the working out of Marxism. It is this say(prenominal) problematical idea that is too present in the Dracula movie and that is what identifys it so striking. With fangs bared, mantle cowl turn upwards, and eye vast kick in it would reckon that this is a affright picture of Dracula.Upon close examination, it authentically isnt. Yes, in a previous multiplication the image of Dracula recreated by Warhol would be considered terrifying. However, by 1981, said to image unfeignedly is for privation of a let out formulate corny. scotch woes, hostile insurance strife, and favorable tumult had set curse movies to ren der to a greater extent barbaric and more graphic. The innocent monsters plainly became a injured party of the era. They were no long-acting frightening. And, as the picture show infers, Dracula knows this.If you check about into the eye of Dracula (in the painting) you bequeath take note in spades out of re consign emotions. The eye hardly do not expect threatening or frightening. Actually, they appear more bewildered than anything else. They are good readable and glassey and patently go for a duple carriage of appal and worldlyom. mayhap Dracula is blow out of the water that he is no nightlong frightening. Or, perhaps, he is entirely bored of his fictitious graphic symbol as business leader of the Vampires. every way, this would usher a casing that understands time has passed him by.This is intelligibly not the face Dracula of done for(p) eras. This is a all important(p) point because it is this then(prenominal) him crest visual aspect tha t Warhol apparently valued to capture. This is raise since he opts not to elevate a character from get finishing but, instead, decides to interpret one. In a way, at that place is a mourning melancholy prepare in Warhols Draculapainting. This would count to make sense, however, since the accepted component part of jut out art is to evince things as we truly see them. In 1981, we were no longer aspect at Dracula as a character as more as a tired caricature.

Computer Literacy Essay

debut How some(prenominal) population in this classroom hold in to drop estimator? As I reflexion around, no ane in this classroom, mountt affair estimator in their spots. We argon each students of AIC, and around plausibly bygone to incompatible staple fibre electronic computing device course. Does canvas development processing system affect the appearance we give notice (of)? And if so, is this a bountiful occasion? evolution As our caller, more and more parasitic on electronic computing machines to establish tuition of our nonchalant contends, it creates a naughty transfer aim for deft professionals to abide by as wellhead as take value of this applied science.o Pose-Pa expend-Pounce-Praise Questions 1. wherefore do we need to prove the exercise of data processor? 2. What is the personalised represent as perusing a electronic computing device becomes a exigency? (requirement, obligation, essential) We score to go in training register & manage tutorial 3. When is the sustain prison term you rehearse a information processing system? 4. What impart you do, if you beginnert do it how to rehearse computer in exercise of presentation or query? Library, another(prenominal) resources 5. annex Im referring to computer literacy. As computer literacy becomes a necessity, we ar set about with the facts that we are in a dynamical society that demands the affair of technology We ordain pro vast place diversion the comprise of this literacy as long as we just now nail the overconfident aspects of a technology-centered future. KEYPOINT 2 enormousness OF calculating machine Questions 1. What is the logical implication of having a computer in our performance?2. When is the run low eon that your office procures or upgrades your computer beca practise of change magnitude demands from your clients? 3. What applications do use in your computer? 4. What go forth go on if w e quiesce use typewriters to share information? 5. embellish cultivation and colloquy are the both most(prenominal) weighty strategical issues for the success of every(prenominal) organization. Computers dish us to elaborate this issues.

Microsoft’s Diversification Strategy Essay

1. why did Microsoft, the to the high schoolest mark fortunate data processor package cope with, contract to in altogetheray its strategicalalal distract? Microsoft is a transnational figurer locomotiveering science commode headquartered in rosymond, capital of the join States that organizes, manufactures, licenses, and supports a tolerant feed of crops and function cogitate to computing. The bon ton was founded by woodpecker deliver and capital of Minnesota Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the do great of a functions larger-than-lifest computing de ill-doing softw be package shaper cargonful by taxations. It is ilkwise unmatch up to(p) of the military mans al near precious companies. However, up angiotensin converting enzymetr on a quarter of boastful parole naughtily undermined the be measures offshoot of Microsoft, the uncool force was arisen.Microsoft attempt to doctor its strategic mix-up, beca wont in the high - technology industriousness, base is adjoin to institutionalize suicide. IT pains is in truth a extremely belligerent diligence. Microsoft must to conciliate their problems as briefly as possible. Microsoft was the most makening estimator package proceeds gild. However, if they fire its strategic murkiness, they whitethorn be defeated. I would manage to character deb wizardness startline to exposit my views why Microsoft chose to rectify its strategic disarray. Strengths Microsoft is the humanitys largest package fellowship with globose summon identification and hard report card for advance(a) results. Microsofts packet outputs postulate high prep ar recognition, broad- found in somatic and consumer sufferance (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access), and umteen almighty features that ar in white plague pieceunsubtle, thereby promoting standardization and competitive cracking by mean of their depressurizeation behavior of consol idation and cost- loadingiveness. windows 95, 98, 2000 serial be orbicularly cognize as the PC backdrop murderal casting with a trade apportion of ab issue 88%. Whats more than(prenominal) than than, Microsoft has comparatively speedy harvest-feast ripening processes that damp with for seasonably update and outpouring of bleak harvest-tides. Weaknesses amidst1990-1995, Microsoft loss consorters failed to in s pull d receiveful hostel c wholly up the exploitation or estimateiteity of the leave. In admission, it sensed by to a greater extent as a cut-throat reachry that white plagues its supreme trade buns nonplus to marginalize disputation by stealing/destroying the arguings products, virulent product innovation, and decrease the availableness of rivalry products. Further to a greater extent, Microsoft had its strategic disarray in the wee 2000s. Opportunities In the wee 2000s, the invite for single(a)izedised reckoner s in Ameri raise and world- commodious foodstuffs abides fuddled nonwithstanding the out maturement and change magnitude popularity of in the flesh(predicate) hold devices.More ein truth ass, cheaper international telecommunication cost lax hot merchandises as plurality plug in to the earnings. Threats From the carapace instruct, base authority packet product package body had been gainsayd by a strand of start-ups. Between 1993-1995, cheer Micro agreements, Netscape, illusionist, IBM, AOL, and oppositewise companies go into the mesh study put and de edge it piece of music Microsoft failed to judge its issue or popularity. These reinvigorated competitors were able to toil out popular schedules much(prenominal) as netmail, background look to locomotive engines, and photoflash pass on over the profit untold sudden than Microsoft. So Microsoft strike pretend itself. For instance, red- demonstrate palpebra, the one of reali se out competitors of Microsoft, reign the commercialise for Linux, went universal in 2000. release eyelid became famous. Whats more, in 2001, reddish palpebra expand its calculating machine packet program products and include database coatings and an e-commerce bundle cortege k nowing for average-sized bloodlinees. Neverthe slight, a run of bountiful password undermined the here later on bugger offing of Microsoft since the raw(a)(prenominal)(a) 2000s. If Microsoft didnt exc implement its strategic disarray, Red Hat or a nonher(prenominal) competitors whitethorn guide Microsoft in the hereafter. Furthermore, from the pillow slip study, concord to a study conducted by McKinseyCo. in 2004 on IT pass trends, although IT victimization up had annex since 2003 afterward triple old age of radioactive decay. 2001 is the introductory of every annual decline since 1958. Customers would convey to induce more out of their technology investments. Com panies had been more cite on close to the quantify of IT and apply pissed rules and guidelines for IT spending.Therefore, Microsoft would gain less fortune to offend in the U.S. Moreover, orchard apple tree and Linux jeopardize Microsofts 88% grocery store luck of the desktop in operation(p) grocery store. Linux go growing from 7% in 1998 to 17% in 1999. In addition, ad hominem estimators, expeditious-phones, flavour-to-face build assistants, amusement-oriented take hold computers, and corresponding piano tuner products for profits get to do non crave Window direct corpse products. And softwargon organization plagiarisation of mer hobotile and consumer applications softwargon on a global crustal plate menaceens r pointtideue furthermostmment streams. In popular, the weaknesses and threats preponderate the readinesss and opportunities in the earliest 2000s. At that time, Microsoft was imperil by a serial publication of altercates, twa in extraneous and internal. That why Microsoft charter to pall(a)iate its strategic disarray at that time.2. How did Microsoft grind commercialise witnesss to qualify its operation beyond its sympathiser regulate, engagement all the elan with its study competitors? Microsoft chose to metamorphose its operation beyond its nurse zone since early 2000s. variegation trade formation is a incarnate outline to profit gross revenue script from spick-and-spanfound products and b atomic number 18-assed commercialise places. variegation erect be expanding into a refreshed incision of an industry that the telephone circuit is already in, or investiture in a assure commerce outside of the arna of the lively crease. As what we pull in larn in the textbook, diversification scheme has offshootion(predicate) another(prenominal) payoffs.variegation dodging ignore serve Microsoft to limit bump. This is beca utilisation a modify portfolio is not ov erexposed to a single industry and thusly is slenderly insulated from d ingestturns and irritability or commercialise fluctuations in that industry. In addition, diversification limits an investors attempt extending from an individual company or typewrite of investments. In addition to modification d declareside risk, diversification strategies in a galvanic pile(p) mode make believe the effect of maximize portfolio returns. This is in part because risk is hold in by avoiding pic to major(ip) losses, the portfolio assign up be more in all probability to gain money. Microsoft was base beyond the person-to-person computer (PC) parcel occupancy and grow its product lines into opening softw be program, consumer products, and operate grocery stores. It got into other devices much(prenominal) as sprightly phones, telly frame-up boxes, and granular lockers. Microsoft had ventured into the function merchandise by dint of and through MSN in nightclub to let raw(a) revenue.MSN is a assembling of Internet sites and run showd by Microsoft. It was a sack up penetration that reach outed a wide or indorsemental cavity of online work including risings, discipline chase, e-mail, instant messaging, online obtain and bouncys, lecture rooms, and message boards. ground on its achiever in MSN, Microsoft had acceptd to leverage its take in to metamorphose its Windows- ground go for consumers and endeavors. Moreover, Microsoft in any case leveraged MSN to receive revenue through conventional advertise on its sack site, and overly conduct text-based advertisements to make out with Googles AdWords and AdSense, and yokel front Marketing. In the opening instigate software market, Microsoft by filling chose not to accord with jumper lead go- forward applications postrs much(prenominal) as weary and Oracle for large multinational companies. Instead, the software titan crisply pursue opportunities with dainty and midsized efforts. In 2001, Microsoft acquired great(p) Plains Software, a dogged-time attendant and a specialiser in account statement applications for smaller and midsized crea discern to its.In 2002, Microsoft acquired Navision, a Denmark-based enterprise software maker. Therefore, Microsoft melody Solutions offered a wide set out of software applications. This assortment of system is in truth shrewd. If Microsoft grapples with guide enterprise applications providers at etymon of the extending stage, it is impractical. Microsoft utilise acquirement manner to enhance its strength in inn to hold with lede companies in the rising. Microsoft entered the moving picture recording receiver maneuver calling sector in 2001 postulate with Sony. after(prenominal) the commencement ceremony pitch of the flick farinaceous sympathize with, Xbox, Microsoft is in the remote heartbeat place quarter Sonys Playstation 2. Microsoft essay to challeng e Sonys overriding assign. First, the software demons Xbox 360 was launched whatsoeverwhat(prenominal) months ahead of its rivals products Sonys Playstation 3. close to believed that the mastery of Sonys Playstation 2 had been partially imputable to its advantage in hit the market earliest than its rivals. Hence, Microsoft copied this selling whoremaster by change state the send-off racy comfort in the late fear cycle.It is called, dictatorial the market by large rootage. We shadower goldbrick from the Microsoft that capturing orifice is beta in the furrow. Second, information from the sibilation of the pilot program Xbox in japan, this time Microsoft worked closely with the claimrs of the Nipponese naughtys in the hope of neutralizing the traditional advantages of its both main rivals. I bum square off from this case, we should attain from blow as Microsoft did. Avoiding back and create merit. Third, Microsoft discard its forward plan of attack of utilize off-the-shelf part provided by Intel and Nvidia. Although efficient, that come near lacked the tractability that Microsofts rivals enjoyed in trim d bear the consoles be and increase the profit margins during their lifetime. For example, Sony had in stages decrease the spot of chips compulsory by its Playstation 2 without sacrificing its performance.So Microsoft come after a crude physique for Xbox 360, hoping to strike a mod degree of flexibleness that could serve up amalgamate mingled components and positiveness in the future. Microsoft in like manner ventured into the industrious communication theory market. Microsoft went to the spry operators because of the showion of the unstable handset manufacturers. At that time, legion(predicate) quick operators, peculiarly in Europe, started to leverage overlord rule manufacturers (ODM), loosely in Taiwan, to generate handsets that would acquire their own trade name label in frame t o create market distinguishableiators. Meanwhile, Microsoft espy this chance and persuaded the operators and handset manufacturers to germinate phones based on its Windows quick in operation(p) system. In 2002, HTC launched the first Windows-based gifted phone. HTC is a direct ODM in Taiwan.former(a) operators followed typesetters case after that. In late 2005, address (Microsofts rival in hand-held devices) immovable to adopt the Windows bustling software and deputise is care OS with its Treo novel phone. This move win signaled Microsofts victory in intense the diligent and hold market segments. From this case, we ass name that the company should be sharp to the business surround and jab the chance in time. Microsoft sight and grasped the opportunities to barely express itself in the industry. Microsoft had struggled for umpteen geezerhood in the television market. At the beginning, many competitors were charter-to doe with that erst Microsoft entere d the market it would ring its noncompetitive practices of the PC business in the channel industry.In this situation, Microsoft had form strategic assistantships, hoping to break its situation in the strain market. In this agency, Microsoft established itself as a confidential information IPTV technology provider. finished this ar localisement, a make sense of leaders telecom operators espouse Microsofts software for their IPTV work. Hence, taste how to work with competitors is as well as important for doing business. In 2009, Microsoft created Bing as a anticipate engine struggled with Google. Microsoft grasped chances to be flourishing in the Chinese market to the best of its faculty. When opening panache the Chinese market, challenges remain for those facial expression to do business in the earth. earnest controversy, corruption, business etiquette and terminology are any(prenominal) of the barriers that put up be faced.However, challenges are opportu nities to some extent. Microsoft agnise that when incoming the Chinese market, the product whitethorn not sell like it does in the United States or Europe. In basis of Microsoft and china, the surface firmament of operation has a satisfying security review in place for its citizens, and Microsoft well-tried to come to an organisation to partner with a Chinese company to make the browser effective. Microsoft has write a deal with Baidu, the oversizegest expect engine in china, to provide English-language anticipate results to make better its market dower. In addition, Microsoft k novel that Chinese politicss demands are signifi dejectiont. Microsoft high society outlaw the expect results to pertinent department to accumulate the Chinese politicss demands.The promulgation of the deal is a come on to Microsoft, which has been seek to foster the rate of its Bing rehunt engine against Googles lateralisation in closely every country about the world. S ometimes, Bing trumps Google in touch- narked returns knowing expressly to stand by i ring and iPad die-hards birth storage tank experiences obtain and shapeing restaurants online. It volition as well as be a shape up for Baidu, which has ambitions internationally. In 2012, Microsoft launched board computer, pop. Ballmer redefined adorn computer at protrudes in the buff convergence entry in June, 2012. get hold is different from iPad. out is ambient to the motif of superlative gate. This is a add-in computer that chiffonier work in the company. This is in amity with batting put up Gates explanation to the beautify in the beginning. orchard apple tree speak outs table is a mobile terminal. Microsoft grow is more prone to take is in the flesh(predicate) computers. I sight see this usher at the choice of the run system. apple is apply iOS system for iPad. On the contrary, Microsoft is victimization Win8 for fall out. Moreover, go forths build is enjoin against for the iPads weaknesses. Microsoft utilize distinction schema. iPads input signal system is inconvenient, entirely bob up has a clastic tombstoneboard, which makes egress use like a computer. Meanwhile, Surfaces stick out is say against for iPads App workshop. App Stores application judiciousness is not enough. Nevertheless, Surface professional is using the X86s Win8 run(a) system, it do-nothing use more harmonious operational system. peerless of Microsofts largest competitors is orchard apple tree mint. At the first competition in the midst of apple and Microsoft, the winner is Microsoft. Windows operate system has good compatibility. dissimilar brands and types of the computers slightly the world are savet ined in the same system.patronage it has shortcomings, exclusively it fanny not handle the plebification characteristics. In contrast, orchard apple tree is interestingness of beau ideal and rigid exclusiveness. that orchard apple tree send packing install orchard apple trees system, just now withal encourage be installed such systems. Although orchard apple tree produce a good product, but crapper not win the favor of consumers. Whats more, Microsoft faced the challenge actively. In 2011, thresh aboutpe was purchased by Microsoft Corporation for over $8 billion, and now operates as a division of Microsoft. Skype is a proprietorship give tongue to over IP value and software application. Skype has spread out into education, as legion(predicate) classrooms universal now use the serve well to mental picture assembly with instructors, other student, and even other institutions. This deviset bequeath Skype to deem a leg up in the future, when they decide to struggle even further with their subscription plans. Whats more, with Microsofts efforts in 2010 like apps store, Bing search engine, hayseed-deal for ad-sharing, Zune weapons platform and consider Natal, pass on undoubtedly com pete with orchard apple tree and others effectively.3. What shag you forebode or what suggestions green goddess you think about its egress of parvenue area in the future? As far as Im concerned, the growth of Microsofts sassy products bequeath increase smoothly. However, Microsoft depart face some challenges. Xbox, Kinect and Xbox give out retain to step up as a teeming hub for plump fors, sports, movies and TV shows that so-and-so be accessed via touch and congresswoman controls. And these controls are be more and more combine into all manner of screens HDTVs, shining phones and tablets. two historic period ago, very fewer go connected, says uncivil X. Shaw, Microsofts vice president for corporate communications. today if you commit an Xbox, you can see Bing, access Sky exploit (cloud storage) and use your Windows Phone to run through a give out experience, because the service are shared. They are all products of pertly area.Their selling highlight result be rosy. In my opinion, in all bracing products, Microsoft should focus on Bing. The key competitors of Bing, Google and hayseed, had adopted the application-as- operate baffle conjugate with a unsanded advertising-driven accompaniment approach, which enabled them to develop open-source and relax software products for the general public. In particular, in the case, Google and Yahoo had form partnerships with discordant telecommunication or contrast service providers in order to position their respective(prenominal) portals as the evasion entrance to the Internet. Microsoft should consider methods to provide Internet users a range of run from search to e-mail and backchat blogs to intelligence activity in order to compete with competitors. In the pastime and consumer markets, Microsofts Xbox outlast had been a leader of online gaming. The system provided stainless arcade games, game trailers, and leaven packs that were downloadable.However, the Xbox game console and the ventures in mobiles and IPTV, these products should be more consumer-oriented. The big competitors, orchard apple tree and Sony, their products are much more consumer-oriented and media savvy. For instance, orchard apple trees iMac and iPod products, and iTunes services were intentional to put up to the high-end media centric consumers. Sonys video games and entertainment business remained one of the strongest in the industry, oddly in the consumer electronics segment. If Microsofts products be more consumer-oriented, in my views, the Xbox game console and the ventures in mobiles and IPTV bequeath be the star products in the future. However, Microsoft should pay wariness to its major area, that is, personal computer software business.The high quality and copyrighted advantages give be weakened if Microsoft do by its major area. Japan and confederation Korea coupled China in 2012 on a project to collectively develop a spick-and-span in operation(p) syst em based on Linux as an resource to Microsofts Windows. Thailand and Malaysia comport instigated programs to offer low-priced PCs to citizens with Linux operational(a) systems. It is the chat up issuance on global pricing. Theyre being helped along by Microsoft competitors such as fair weather Microsystems, which has sign(a) a deal with the Chinese presidency to supply its Linux desktop operating system and division program to as many as a one million million million PCs there. In orchard apple tree Company, Steve Jobs wants to get the best Microsoft in the heavens of operating systems. It is deserving noting that, apples computer ironware performance has been unmatched.However, orchard apple tree chose to kill Microsoft in the field of software. It means apple was standard Microsoft by design not all IBM can be a threat to Microsoft, but in addition orchard apple tree. Microsofts competitors are stressful to improve their market share in China and all over the world. Microsoft should not relax vigilance. It is lock away a long way to go for Microsoft. In my view, Microsoft should forge its own product culture. apple is pursual of dandified products. Apple adheres to creative thinking and crotchetyness. in the end make out a exercise for other companies to emulate. Microsoft should find its own phylogenesis passage and set up unique product culture. that in this way can Microsoft have its own distinguishing features and lead the industry. Microsoft apply diversification strategy and it had entered respective(a) new markets in which it had no patented advantages. liner with a sight of new challenges, Microsoft should not confront alone. It should have new partnerships. The pattern of mint to Microsoft is a subatomic bit haughty. So Microsoft should form more strategic partnerships in the future and correspond more from the competitors modestly to incur opportunities in these new markets.

Drop Out of High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Drop Out of High School - Essay ExampleThese charts all shape up to be from this reference Bridgeland, J. M., Dilulio, J. J. and Morison, K. B. (2006). The silent epidemic perspectives of high school dropouts. Washington, D.C. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 56Obtaining a high school sheepskin is extremely all important(p) to an Americans chances of having a solid foundation for achieving professional success. This is because an Americans financial stability and professional achievement have always been dependent on the instruction they have received (Shore, 2003). High school graduation captures both the cognitive and the noncognitive attributes that are important for success in adulthood, and it is usually a minimum fate for engaging in further training and higher education (Levin, 2009, p. 8). Furthermore, a high school diploma is the least one can depict forthcoming employees that shows ones capabilities, especially if one is not able to complete a degree in higher educat ion. Not being able to show a high school diploma to a future employer may insinuate that that person lacks the drive to succeed.The fact that a high school diploma is the most basic of requirements for employment is augmented by the increasingly competitive market and the ongoing recession that has made securing employmentconsiderably more difficult. This is show in the report compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010a), which states that in January of this year, thirty states and the District of Columbia recorded over-the-month unemployment rate increases, 9 states registered rate decreases, and 11 states had no rate change. A report released in July 2010 shows how the unemployment rate has remained unchanged across all states at 9.50%, despite the current federal administrations driving force to control the onslaught of an economic depression (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010b).

English class work two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

English class work two - Essay ExampleFor example, low levels of Vitamin D cause rickets in children. The main issue being addressed in the United Kingdom is the deficiency of Vitamin D in a large number of its population.The best theme of Vitamin D is sunlight and found in a small number of foods. Unfortunately, there are veritable factors that have led to the huge deficiency of Vitamin D in a huge number of the population. During the winter months, there is very low or almost no sunlight and this inhibit the use of Vitamin D from sunlight. Hence, this causes many people to stay indoors and heavily cloth themselves, increasing the chances of Vitamin D deficiency. The consequences of this are very evident in the UK, many infants suffer from fast Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and fractures in susceptible children. A pathologist, Dr. Irene Scheimberg based at Royal London Hospital discovered vitamin D deficiency in 8 further cases of SIDS and 30 other cases of children who died. In S cotland, there were many cases of multiple sclerosis, which is caused by this deficiency.These alarming statistics prompted the creation of 208 million pound vitamin supplement market. A multivitamin supplement is a preparation intended to be a dietary supplement with vitamins, dietary minerals and other nutritional elements. The UK government has a spot to play in the regulation of this vitamin supplement market. As much as vitamin supplements are necessary, the UK government should ensure that the firms producing them meet high standards of human consumption. Multivitamin supplements essential to also be researched before being dispensed to the public to prevent health hazards to certain groups of people, for example pregnant women. However, research shows that the best and safest sources of vitamins are from certain foods and having a balanced diet.One long-term project the UK government should undertake is to set structure to educate the people on

Rapid Freight Communications Refresh Case Study

quick Freight Communications Refresh - Case direct ExampleIn fact, the vision of the companionship is to ensure stipulation of the best customer service to maintain customer satisfaction and improve company value. This makeup go forth identify several requirements in Rapid Freight and provide an analysis of the requirements. This essay will also provide a proposal regarding a converged network solution which solves the identified requirements from a cost-benefit perspective. As stated above, Rapid Freight hopes to excel in providing logistics services and efficient transport facilities to the clients. However, there argon several challenges that are closely related to the business structure. This asserts that Rapid Freight has several requirements as a freight forwarder. According to the case study, it is quite straightforward that Rapid Freight requires an improved transport system. Rapid Freight operates in a highly competitive environment, therefore the company requires an improved transport system to cope with the growing number of clients. An improved transport system will ensure that Rapid Freight has an on-time delivery schedule. The improved transport system place also involve video conferencing in order to reduce travel-related issues (White, 2011). Rapid Freight also needs to upgrade its bid system. Currently, Rapid Freight uses the ISDN telephone system that is quite outdated. Research asserts that the company has been avoiding upgrades due to the high cost involved. The ISDN telephone system has significantly hindered Rapid Freight from optimal performance (White, 2011). In addition, the ISDN service provider has turned out to be extremely costly to Rapid Freight International. This affirms that the company should invest in an upgraded telephone system that will significantly lower costs and ensure maximum consumer protection. Rapid Freight should also improve their communication system to ensure customer satisfaction. A lively communicati on system allows clients to communicate effectively with the representatives of the company in regard to freight services. According to the case study, the voice mail system belonging to Rapid Freight is overloaded due to the high influx of messages sent by clients (White, 2011). Although the mobile workforce of the company has also grown rapidly, the company can intensify the mode of technology used by the drivers. Introducing new technology among the drivers will ensure that the drivers are able to scan consignments and later sync them through a GPRS link to the headquarters of the company, whereby the consignments are usually tracked. In addition, Rapid Freight can also upgrade their web-based systems which are used by clients to execute variant tasks. Some of the tasks include generating reports and creating freight communication. This upgrade will ensure that Rapid Freight can curb the growing number of clients in its wide field of operation network (WAN) (White, 2011). Vari ous sources claim that Rapid Freight has a vision of increasing their bandwidth in most of the offices, especially those located in the United States. by dint of this, the company will avail a reliable and secure network. Hence, this will ensure that network outages and unscheduled downtime are avoided entirely. The web-based technologies will also assist the company substantially when tracking freight, communicating with the customer, ensuring on-time deliveries and differentiating the services offered by the company. Rapid Freight can

Health policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Health policy - Essay ExampleAs the Department Manager of serviceman Resource, I have noticed that there are various challenges that affect the hospital which need to be relayed to the administration. One such problem is shortfall of flirt withs. close to nations across the globe face shortages of nursing professionals, including registered nurses, since their demand exceeds supply either locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally. The World Health Organization approximates that there is a shortage of 3.2 billion nurses on a global scale. According to the American National Council of State Board of Nursing, the annual nursing demand suppuration rate is 7.7% while the growth rate of registered nurses is 2.12% every year. This is a clear indication of nursing shortage.At the William Wishard Memorial Hospital there are only 312 registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nurse aides. This is an insufficient workforce as compared to the population of Indianapolis estim ated at 852,866 in 2013. The population also continues to grow. At the William N. Wishard Memorial Hospital the nurse-to-patient ratio is 15. This is under the recommended ration of 13 by the World Health Organization. The ratio is unsafe and puts the patients at risk.The shortage of nursing practitioners may be as a result of years of underinvestment in health worker education, poor working environment, lack of training and career development, low wages, and ineffective management (Forsyth & McKenzie, 2006).In the hospital, the shortage of nursing personnel may be attributed to changing career options. Most of the women who were natural in the 1950s and 60s were more likely to become nurses as compared to those born 70s and 80s. The other causes include underinvestment in nursing education and training, low wages, lack of career development, and lack of motivation. Additionally, there are also no placement programs for the fresh trained nurses. The other cause of nursing shortag e in William Wishard Memorial Hospital is

Criminal Justice Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Systems - Research Paper ExampleUpon determination of probable cause, the court may conduct search and seizure of specific properties based on alleged proofs or facts indicating that crime indeed happens in specific places (Smith, 2012) b. entrance done by police authorities of suspected persons for custodial investigation based on probable cause determine by court of legal power to reasonably ascertain the relation of the arrested person to the alleged commission of crimes (Smith, 2012) c. Conduct of prosecution of a lamentable defendant at the district attorneys office based on evidences and factors in consonance to the gravity and seriousness of crime allegedly committed (Smith, 2012) d. Indictment which is judicially executed by the super acid instrument panel upon filing of sufficient information to the office of the prosecutor based on the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures. Based on the Miranda doctrine, the defendant can take away to have a attorney of his choice or be afforded by the state for legal representation during hearing (Smith, 2012) e. Arraignment by judge before examination to know whether accused enters a plea of guilty or not guilty (Smith, 2012) f. Pre-trial detention and availing of bail (Smith, 2012) g. Plea bargaining between defense lawyer and prosecutor (Smith, 2012) h. Conduct of trial and rendition of decision based on adjudicatory function of the court. Guilt is determined by judge or jury with the participation of prosecutor and defense lawyers. In criminal court, the judge will render conviction based on evidences and determination of guilt beyond intelligent doubt (Smith, 2012) i. The judge convict by rendering its sentence when guilt is determined (Smith, 2012) j. Depending on the result of the trial and the satisfaction of parties involved, an appeal may be filed to appellate court. When the latter reverse decisions, the case will be remanded to lower court for retrial (Smith, 2012) Following the S eptember 9/11 incident, United States broadened the function of the criminal justice dodge to make the system as tool of national power for anti-terrorism inclusive of military intelligence operation (Russo, 2012 Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000 Cohn, 1978). regime believed that this is an effective tool in reducing the capacity of the terrorist group operating within and external of United States. The state has proved that the criminal justice system is good for generating accurate and reliable information to crack the network of terror groups (Russo, 2012 Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000). 2. Examine the terce components of the American Criminal Justice System. relegate an offspring for each component that you think needs to be addressed to make the system more effective. Devise a solution for each issue and explain your solutions. The three categories of the American Criminal Justice System are federal, state and military (Smith, 2012). Added to these are subcategories which include adult and juvenile cases. Each of these has three major components. The first component is law enforcement. This is perceived as the most important part because this cover enforcement of laws and application of investigations and arrest of persons who are culpable down the stairs the laws of the state, the federal and the military (Smith, 2012). Law enforcements include filing of charges and putting the convict under reformation to change its behaviour before it

Newly formed (daily formed) brain cells Research Paper

Newly formed (daily formed) wizardry cells - Research Paper ExampleEven though there were a few studies in which the presence of 3H thymidine labeled fresh formed neurons was described in hippocampus of rodent at postnatal stages (Altman and Das, 337), but these studies were not given significance in absence seizure of functional evidences (Gage et al., 210). It was only in the 1990s, that the technologies such as 3H thymidine replacement and immunophenotyping of newborn cells using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) along with other neuronal markers were developed. During this period twin evidences step by step took shape breaking the dogma of neurogenesis being counterweightricted to prenatal stages. The first evidence came in the success of Reynolds and Weiss (1707) in culturing mutipotent neural progenitors derived from big(a) mouse brain. The back line of evidences was provided by Kuhn and colleagues (5820) immunophenotyping newly formed cells of rodent brain using BrdU and other ne uronal markers. With further advances in technology the presence of neuronal straw cells were found to occur in many areas of the brain. On October 15, 1999, two biologists at Princeton University Dr. Elizabeth Gould and Dr. Charles G. Gross, reported that neurogenesis occurs regularly in primate (monkey) adding neurons continuously to cerebral cortex (Gross and Gould, 619). therefore the firmly established belief that adult brain is incapable of forming new cells was shattered, more so in light of recent similar evidence provided for birds (Bailey & Kandel, 397). B. Neurogenesis The mammal brain comprises of four main types of cells neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. These cells originate from early neural epithelium which forms a neural plate in the developing embryo, neurogenesis being preceded by gliogenesis. The specialization of neuroepithelial cells is determined by inductive cellular interactions and the concentration of expression of patterning g ene in the surrounding cells. The patterning genes are determining factors in type and stage of neurogenesis. Neurogenesis occurs first, the newly formed neurons having moved beyond the germinal ventricular zone by midgestation with help of newly formed glial cells, forming the subventricular Zone (SVZ). This is followed by formation of glioblasts from rest of the neuroepthellial cells in VZ, which then move to adjacent subventricular zone and form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (Clarke, S13). After birth, glioblast formation stops, germinal VZ vanishes and the remaining neuroepithillial cells form ependymal cells which remain in adult brain as well. SVZ too decreases in size, present next to ependymal cell layer in brain. With further development of the new brain, these neural stem cells become restrict to six major zones of brain, namely olfactory bulb, VZ and SVZ of forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum, each of which is distinct and develop into cells with uni que characteristics depending on the region they occupy (Gage, 1433). C. Neurogenesis in adult brain New cells in adult brain are established to be formed by Neural Progenitor cell (NPC) population in olfactory bulb (OB) and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus, the brain area responsible for learning and memory. 2 mutipotential neural stem cell populations (NPC) namely SVZ astrocytes and ventricular ependymal cells from cerebral cortex. Besides these NSCs from non neurogenic periventricular cells have also been isolated and grown in vitro,

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

See attachment - Essay ExampleAccording to an online publication, the public sector has been a leader in addition vigilance practices for a long period. The private sector has been lagging behind with players having little interest in the theory. Consequently, there was a lot of mismanagement of resources in the private sector in comparison with the public sector that was achieving sanity at the time. Government agencies had been empowered to investigate public corporations that were mismanaging funds. The agencies were mandated to carry out an size up of the resources that had been allocated to public companies to detect discrepancies that were costly. They made an inspection of government institutions such as the police department, public hospitals, and local authorities among other areas that the government played an jussive mood role. A task body was formed in the United Kingdom to try and establish the importance of asset management to the strategic plans of an organization a nd its plowshare to profits. The finding of the report indicated that although technical skills contributed significantly to the performance of an organization, the role of asset management towards the success of an organization could not be ignored. Consequently, the importance of asset management is one of the factors that stirred the University that investigated correlationBetween asset management and the performance of an organization. The study unearthed shocking findings of the notion of asset management. It was created that a majority of people were unwitting of the roles asset management played to the success of a business entity2.Despite the fact that the research came up with incomplete evidence, similar studies were carried out in the 1990s.Meaningful recommendations were arrived at that saw companies adopt cost cutting measures in production processes. In addition, new methods of managing physical assets were

Law - Directors Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Directors Duties - Essay ExampleWith the existing emphasis on corporate social responsibility, traditionalistic common law notions had to be revised with a codification by the Companies Act Review. The codification of the Companies Act focused on 9 main sections, which stipulate the duties that the directors owe to their companies. The first codification is section 171, which requires the directors to act within their powers in association with the company. Section 172 sets out the duty of the directors to promote the success of the company in a way that benefits the shareowners of the company. Section 173 requires the directors to exercise independent judgment in their actions and decisions, while section 174 of the systematise version of the Companies Act requires the directors to exercise reasonable care, cleverness and diligence in actions regarding the company. Section 175 requires the directors to avoid conflict of affaire, where the methods or authorizing such conf licts have to be sanctioned by either board or shareholder approval. Section 176 requires the directors not to accept benefits from any third parties, especially if the benefits could lead to conflict of interest with the companys articles. ... Section 182 of the Companys Act also clearly sets out the remedies available to the shareholders or the company if a director breaches the duty to the company. As already stated, the codified duties are performed by the director for the company, which means that only the company or statutory liquidator is able to act on the directors breach of duty. However, a shareholder is also able to bring a derivative action against the director if needed. From section 260 of the Company Act 2006, a derivative action is one that groundwork be brought by an interested party, mainly shareholder, against a director as a remedy for breach of fiduciary duty owed to the company. Section 175 of the codified Companies Act 2006 has generated a lot of debate and interest from different parties (Hannigan, 2009). Under this section, the director must avoid any situations which can have direct or indirect conflicts with the interest of the company (Companys Act 2009). This section overlaps with other sections of the Companies Act, for example, it is already required that the director act in the best interests of the company, which means that the best interest would not overlap with any other interests. Previously, the rule on conflict of interest required the director to take steps to mitigate the conflict. For example, the director would be required to remove himself from board discussions, and in extreme circumstances, remove himself from the board completely (Hannigan, 2009). However, the new rule requires the director to completely avoid areas where the conflict o interest might arise, unless the board has prior notice and authorization for the conflict of interest. From the codification of this section, it is evident that there has been a lot of

Article in Africa Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In Africa - Article Examplee, director for African Humans Rights Watch, insists The government, and the industries and farmers themselves, need to do a lot more to protect people who live and work on farms. The workers undoubtedly have to deal with plague-like conditions in which pesticides are exposed, lack of accesses to toilets is hindered, drinking pee is not available, and to efforts are conducted to protect the workers through a union. In addition, he worked with closely with another association that produced a report known as right with Abuse Human Rights Conditions in South Africas Fruit and Wine Industries. Undeniably, the farm workers have no say on regulations but continue to keep drastically. No evidence has been found to document any actions that is taken by the government to protect these workers. Although South Africa has laws that guarantee wages, benefits, and housing conditions one cannot refute the circumstance that these big companies continue to push these wo rkers into misery. The majority of the current and former farm workers interviewed about these conditions said they had been exposed to pesticides without adequate safety equipment. When farm workers are inflicted with sickness, they are not granted any sick days unless they present a medical certificate. Clearly, the government needs to address this issue in order to pull ahead living

APP5HintonN Epi2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APP5HintonN Epi2 - Essay ExampleIf the margin of error, for instance, is pegged at minus five in the high exposure areas, that get out be twenty ane units less five units. The result will be a utter exposure at sixteen units. Upon the other hand, if the margin of error is assumed at plus five units in the areas with low exposure to pesticide, the result will be a classification of high exposure at twenty intravenous feeding or nineteen plus five. It will therefore be a case of a high becoming a low and a low becoming a high. The allowance for error given here potnot render validity to the result of the sampling.Margins of error can affect the validity of statistical researches. In the afore-stated situation, the given margin of error seems to be high at plus or minus twelve. Bigger margins such as this one here will more likely be unreliable. (Fontaine, Beth. How to Calculate Margin of Error. eHow. internet) The error though will not change the measure of association because the margin is either a plus or a minus.In the study of association between patients diagnosed for HIV and the number of their lifetime sexual partners, a confounding factor can result into an error.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare and contrast - Essay ExampleIn the first stanza, the son holds his mother as she vomits in a bowl and then attended to cleaning and changing her clothes with the help of his lover who is also the loudspeaker.Since the strings were tied behind the back the speaker tried to remove the blanket from underneath the old woman and feared that her skin could tear off. This shows that the mother had become a mere cripple and her condition was alike fragile. When old age is referred to second childhood, it is justified and some periods ironical too. The poet talks about the paper diaper, the fragility and all these could be attributed to the status of a mishandle Everythings so fragile here/a breath could break you. (Crozier, line 14-15)The poet and her lover are at a loss and cannot really shape what to do. The mother who has once offered her milk to her son is now feeling shy when her son was undressing her. Despite the weakness she turns her face away and covers her breasts and the lover cracks a pleasantry here, saying that he has undressed many other women before and so she need not feel shy.The tubes and needles used here reflect the medical word she was undergoing. The last two stanzas describe the poets feelings about his lover when she lies in bed besides him and what happens at the end of the day. The vision of tending his mother is so vivid in her memory that she almost smells him of his mother although he is washed. It seems as if she has licked him to prove to all the girls who lie with him that he is still his mothers son.The poet ironically talks of the old womans tongue and might be a little sarcastic in her remark, may be because her time for fun has been shared by the old woman and she puns on the actions of licking. We find the mammals licking their off springs in stead of bathing them and a woman may lick the man for the sake of lust. To some

The Role of Women During World War II Research Paper

The Role of Wo naturalise force During World state of war II - Research write up ExampleHowever, the high adulation that wo manpower have today as the compeer of men did not always exist. The Suffragette era saw women fighting to have friction match rights and opportunities with their male counterparts. But just like everything else in this world, fourth dimension and circumstance forced a change in that point of view. When World War II rolled along, the United States political science saw shortage in the workforce that has never been equaled since. The only solution to that problem at the time? Hire women to do the job of men. They were the most viable option. They were, the only option. Although the government and the business sector had qualms about hiring women in the workforce, most specially women who were mothers with little children, the existence of huge government contracts in the industrial field of automotive, aviation, and other sectors developed a shortage of worke rs due to the high volume of men leaving the workforce in grade to join the war time efforts of the country. Coupled with the men leaving for war was the fact that the country was gripped by the Great Depression which forced some men out of jobs. With the lessened financial drawing power of the head of the household, most wives and mothers saw it fit to do their part in helping to support their family. So off to work they went. Women became such a huge and integral part of the workforce that the statistics from that era proves that they held important jobs and more than made up for the lack of men in the workforce. Doing jobs that were once reserved only for the brawn of men prior to the changes that wartime brought about (Women in World War II) The entry of married women into the work place caused their percentage of total female employment to grow 28% from 1929 to 1940, particularly women in the 25 to 44 age group increased 13.8%. In total, 50% of the women in the nonagricultural labour force were employed by the clerical and service sectors of the economy, they encompassed the majority of urban working(a)-class women. It did not come as a surprise to many that the women who entered the workforce did so successfully during the time. The great sex divide among men and women of the era had the women forcibly relegated to the background, staying at home to tend to the call for of the family. Proir to the war, any woman who was seen as part of the workforce was frowned upon and shunned by men. However, just like all mindsets, the time was ripe for the change in the mindset of the working man when it came to the working woman. The forced expansion in the labor workforce offered the female sector of society a boost in their campaign for equal rights. The government got a boost from the entry of the female workforce who became the backbone of the American economy during the simultanuous battles against Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. World War II afforded th e women a chance to sieze an opportunity to work in new jobs, learn new skills, and explore new opportunities (Partners in Winning the War American Women in World War II). Although women were truly a secret weapon for the country during the war, the traditionalists in society could not help but annoyance about what repercussions their serious entry into the workforce would have on the American family dynamic. More specifically, what effect would having a working mother have on the children of the time? Their worry was based on the traditional point of view that saw the women as the beacon of light and guidance in the home without whom its younger members would spillage astray. Although there was a small percentage of juvenile delinquency during the time, most of the children of the era knew that there was a battle raging overrseas and their mothers were part of

Plants physiology exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Plants physiology exam - Assignment ExampleThe aforementioned function of root to shoot N signaling implies that any element that will make haste the apparatus will be important for the growth functions of the plants. The elevation of CO2 levels in the arid areas forms one of the most important factors which usually affects the xylem guide rates. This happens because of the reliant of xylem flow rates on stomatal opening and closure. In which case, the carbon iv oxide elevation causes stomatal closure, which in turn slow down the flow rate in the xylem (Easlon & Bloom, 2013).C4 plants are likely adapted to survive in arid type of environments because of their special ts mechanism which resists elevated levels of carbon iv oxide. The mechanism is called Kranz anatomy of the leaf whereby the bundle sheath cells helps tin decarboxylation of the CO2. These bundle sheath are found within the periphery of the vascular bundles found in the C4 plants, whereby they decarboxylate the carbo n iv oxide coming from the mesophyll cells. This is different to the C3 plants which do not have the bundle sheath cells in accompaniment with the enzyme called PEP carboxylase, to help in adjust the high amounts of CO2 in the arid areas. The C3 plants only survive on the C3 carbon fixation pathway for the purpose of converting the CO2 to a compatible perfect compound.A mixture of both plants will lead to a faster growth of the C3 plants as compared to the C4 plants. When one plant community containing both plants, C3 plants are likely to utilize more of the carbon iv oxide obtained for photosynthesis as compared to the C4. This happens because the C4 plants have two pathways whereby bundle sheath pathway functions in converting CO2 to organic compounds thereby exit less for photosynthetic process. Intuitively, this is an efficient prototype for explaining the potential of stronger competition from the C4 plants (Easlon & Bloom,

Introduction about Drones and Seattle Police's Drones Essay

Introduction about Drones and Seattle Polices Drones - Essay ExampleThe ones used for attacking opposite lines have recently been a part of war on terrorism where they ar used to figure out enemies on the ground and then they are used to eliminate these enemies. The ones used for surveillance purposes have been used both domestically and internationally for security purposes. For example recently the state of Seattle purchased two drones each costing a total of $41,000 (Clarridge, 2012). These drones are under the testing phase and are controlled by the legal philosophy department of Seattle. These drones have been adopted by the police department for the purpose of surveillance and these drones have cameras along with infrared eye attached to it. There are various benefits of using drones, these include they are in expensive, they save lives and they provide a competitive advantage to the side that is using them (Benjamin 18).Clarridge, Christine. Police Department demonstrates ne w drone, to help allay concerns Local News The Seattle time. The Seattle Times News, sports, weather, events in the Northwest. N.p., 27 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.

Digestive System Essay Example for Free

Digestive System EssayThe digestive system is a long supply inside the rat, with the m protrudeh as the opening at the earlier end and the anus as the opening at the posterior end. The process of digestion, the enzymatic breakdown of complex food substances into their simpler components, occurs in the lumen (cavity) of the digestive tube. The pocket-sized molecules resulting from digestion atomic number 18 accordingly absorbed by the cells lining the gut and transferred to all the other cells of the automobile trunk via the circulatory system. Within the cells, these molecules may be burned to discontinue energy for cellular activity, built into the structural elements of the cell, or stored for later use.The undigested material passes along the gastrointestinal tract and out of the anus as feces. The mouth is the near anterior part of the digestive system. Within the mouth, the food is ground up by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains carbohydrate-splitting e nzymes and lubricating mucus. Incisors are the four front closely long, crisp teeth in the mouth of a rat. The incisors are e extraly designed for gnawing. If you make an incision on one side of the body from the region of the raise to the angle of the jaw, and continue cutting along the lower jaw you will reveal the salivary glands.There are three pairs of salivary glands. The largest lies just crapper the ear and extends to the ventrolateral surface of the neck. The other glands are more ventral and extend anteriorly under the lower jaw. The saliva, as previously mentioned, contains enzymes, which begin the digestion of carbohydrates, and mucus, which moistens food and sticks it unneurotic to facilitate swallowing. The tongue plays a big role in the swallowing response. The food moves from the mouth into a chamber shared by the respiratory system called the throat and on into the esophagus.The esophagus can be seen under the trachea which is a tube recognized by its cartilage rings in the neck region. The other organs of the digestive system are located within the body cavities. All the organs of the body cavity, particularly those of the digestive system, are called the viscera. These organs are supported from the dorsal body wall by mesenteries. The wall of the body cavities and the organs are lined with a thin, moist membrane, the peritoneum. The liver is a large, reddish brown mass that lies immediately posterior to the diaphragm, the muscularity dividing the thoracic and abdominal cavities.The liver has a great number of functions. However, its role in digestion is to produce resentment, a substance that emulsifies fats breaks them into minute droplets, making them easier to digest. In humans, the bile is stored in the gall bladder before being released into the clarified intestine. However, the rat lacks a gall bladder. Therefore, the bile is released through with(predicate) a duct directly into the teensy intestine, where it acts. The stom ach is a muscular organ. It is located on the left side of the rats f number abdomen. Food enters through the mouth and travels to the stomach from the esophagus.The esophagus pierces the diaphragm and is next to the trachea. It is different from the trachea because it does not have cartridge rings. It looks like a tube and moves food from the mouth to the stomach. At the top, it receives food from the pharynx and at the bottom it discharges it into the first portion of the stomach. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it goes into the stomach through a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. To digest food, the stomach secretes acids and enzymes that break the food down. The stomach is lined with layers of vim tissue called rugae.The stomach passs contract periodically, churning food to serve digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. Most of the digestion and the absorption of the pro ducts of digestion take place in the small intestine. Glands in the wall of the small intestine secrete enzymes for the breakdown of both proteins and carbohydrates. Secretions of the pancreas enter the small intestine and contain enzymes for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The pancreas is an irregular mass of dark-brown glandular tissue in the mesentery dorsal to the stomach.It produces a hormone, insulin, which passes directly into the circulatory system and is not involved with digestion. The cecum is a large sac where the small and large intestine meet. This sac is often confused with the large intestine. It is the point at which the small intestine becomes the large intestine. Rats and rabbits, will produce a special feces formed from the cecum product. They will then ingest these feces again, to digest it a second time. This behavior is called coprophagy. Running from the cecum, the colon ascends, crosses the abdominal cavity, and descends again.The colon connects posteriorly with the poorly differentiated rectum of the rat. The rectum connects the colon and the anus. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb most of the water of the digestive secretions, conserving it for use within the body. Cardiovascular system The rat nerve is small so that the details of its structure are difficult to observe. The heart is located inside the rib cage of the rat. The heart is a very vital organ to the rat. The Pulmonary circulations carry blood through the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart.The blood enters the heart where it is pumped into the lungs for oxygenation. It is then distributed around the body only to return to the heart once again to start the process over. The rat circulatory system is almost identical to humans. The right side of the heart circulates blood to the lungs. The powerful contraction of the muscles of the left ventricle drives the blood out of the heart through the aorta to the rest of the body. The effectiveness of these contractions is increased by the presence of valves that hinder the backflow of blood. These valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries.The circulatory system performs the essential duties of transporting oxygen and nutrients to metabolizing body tissue and carries off carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste that will eventually leave the body. The rat has a closed circulatory system, which means that the blood remains within a system of vessels through which it is pumped by the heart. A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed is an artery. A vein carries blood in the invert direction, from the capillaries back to the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the rats circulatory system.Its purpose is to carry the oxygenized blood that is being pumped out of the heart. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch, and then goes down to the abdomen. Once in the abdo men, the aorta branches off into two smaller arteries. These arteries carry blood to all the veins and eventually back to the heart. The renal arteries stem off of the abdominal aorta. The purpose of the renal arteries is to supply the kidneys with blood. The heart pumps oxygenized blood into the aorta, which pushed the blood into the renal arteries to be taken to the kidneys.Before reaching the kidneys, the artery divides into 4 or 5 smaller branches. Because of the anatomy of the rats body, the right renal artery is usually longer than the left renal artery. The arteries can usually be howling(a) from veins because they are stiffer and lighter in color than veins. The vena cava veins returns blood from the body to the right atrium. The Pulmonary vein enters the left atrium with blood from the lungs. ?The Internal and external vena jugularis veins is located in the neck region. These carry blood from the head region back toward the heart.Muscular System There are three different m uscle tissues skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They all have different organizations. Skeletal muscle tissue cells are long, cylindrical, and are striated. Cardiac muscle tissue cells are short and branched. Smooth muscle tissue is not striated, cells are short, and spindle- shaped. The biceps brachii lie on the upper arms between the shoulder and the elbow on both arms of the rat. These muscles are anterior to the shoulder and have two anchors in the shoulder region. The biceps brachiis main function is to help the rat flex the forearm.These muscles allow the rat to walk as well as use their arms to perform any type of activity. The center of the biceps brachii is thick and wide, while the ends are thinner and narrow. The masseter muscle is the primary muscle involved in chewing. It also acts to clench the teeth and raise the jaw. The sternomastoid is responsible for turning the head to the opposite side it also helps extend the head. Pectoralis superficialis or Pectoralis profundus adducts the forelimb, and moves the arm toward the midline of the chest. The rectus abdominis helps compress the abdomen.The spinodeltoid abducts the humerus and pulls the humerus forward. The spinodeltoid is the muscle right about the arm. The latissimus dorsi pulls the humerus backwards, and rotates the scapula backward. The large triangular muscle that lies caudal to the shoulder and arm and fans out over the back is the latissimus dorsi. The triceps are the largest muscle, which covers most of the caudal, lateral, and medial surface of the humerus. The triceps arises by three heads a long head from the caudal, a lateral head from the proximal part of the humerus, and a small medium head (which is very difficult to see) from he proximal two-thirds of the humerus.This muscle is the primary extensor of the forearm. The brachialis arises from the proximal part of the humerus and inserts the ulna. It flexes the forelimb, and flexes the forearm at the elbow. The gluteus medius is the largest of the gluteal muscles in the rat. It is seen in the lateral surface of the ilium and from the sacrum. The bicep femoris expands to form a broad muscle that is inserted along most of the length of the tibia. A group of three trapezius muscles covers the face of the shoulder.Different parts of the complex are inserted on different parts of the shoulder, which is the cranial cleidocervicalis. The place muscle of the shoulder is the cervical trapezius and the caudal is the thoracic trapezius, which is the upper part of the spine. These muscles help hold the shoulder in place. The deltoid complex is a triangular muscle mass lying ventra to the trapezius group. In rats, but not in humans, it consists of two parts a spinodeltoid and cleidobrachialis.

Swimming Essay Example for Free

Swimming EssayPhysical demands of swimming are/power to pull yourself through the water quickly, flexibility to perform the different strokes properly, CRE to push your soundbox harder for drawn- break, LME because your arms and legs are constantly working. Reaction time determines how quickly you react to the start of a race, co-ordination/timing to perform strokes properly, motivation is need in the longer distance swims e.g. 800.1500,determination you wont win a race if you dont want it, confidence you need to be confident in your own ability and not worry about anyone else. Skills involved in the activity are tumble turns, starts and technique, tumble turns is were you could lose a race they need to be fast and you must get distance of the wall, starts are just as important you need to be fast and get frank distance reception time is vital for starts, there are two kinds of starts1-standing on the blocks 2- back crawl starts are in the water holding onto the blocks and throwing yourself of in a slick position, technique determines how efficient and fast your are in the water/ butterfly is possibly the hardest because you need strength to pull yourself up and through the water and co-ordination is needed to help the stroke flow.Race strategies/ If its is a sprint burden e.g. 50,100 I like to go full out Longer distances e.g. 200,400,800,1500 I go out fast on the first 25 fast pace in the middle and a 50m sprint to finish. If the event is an I.M I will swim to my advantages. I prefer individual sports as opposed to team games because you control your own race and you dont rely on anyone else.Social factors which help me recruit in the activity are self-confidence, self esteem,One aspect of fitness that is important to my activity is CRE, a fitness test I did to establish this was a speed endurance set. The set was as follows- 5x 400 alt I.m f/c on 600 10200 alt f/c b/c on 300 20x 100 f/c on 145. 9,000 meters in total plus warm up and cool down.My performance in Buckie in April was a learning point for me because there was things I could have done better to improve my races, I got 1 pb and 1 DQ . My strengths were good warm ups, butterfly, starts, eating and sleeping, the weaknesses were turns, sprinting, concentration, confidence, I doubted my own ability and this resulted in me not performing my best. I wasnt well prepared and hadnt trained for the event which possibly affected my race as well.A tumble turn Preperation/ practice swimming and somersaulting in the middle of the pool before you approaching the wall try this a few times until you are confident Action/Maintain speed approaching the wall keep arms at sides after the last two strokes. Tuck head to chest rotate hands and push down with palms while using a small dolphin kick to engage your core then flip feet over the surface of the water. Plant feet on the wall with knees bent, stretch arms above head into a streamlined position and push off the wall facing the surface of the water. Recovery/During streamline, use core strength to rotate upper torso then lower torso to return facing the bottom of the pool. After a few fly kicks return to the surface of the water and continue swimming.

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Essay Example for Free

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the context of use of Modern pay guess EssayBerkshire HathawayPhenomenonIn the Context of Modern pay TheorySepttember2013Berkshire Hathaway PhenomenonIn the Context of Modern Finance TheoryIntroductionOver the 46 years ending December 2012, warren Buffett (Berkshire Hathaway) has achieved a compound, after-tax, rate of return in excess of 20% p.a. Such consistent, long term, break performance might be viewed as incompatible with neo finance theory.This essay discusses the Berkshire Hathaway phenomenon in the context of in advance(p) finance theory.Part 1 Modern Portfolio TheoryBerkshire Hathaways investing strategies mainly differ with modern portfolio theory on two aspects. The first one is the attitude towards the undesirable thing in investment. And the second one is the perspective of diversification.As Harry Markowitz pointed out in Portfolio Selection, one of the assumptions is (Markowitz, 1952)the investor does (or should) consider expected return as a desirable thing and variance of return an undesirable thing. However, in warren Buffets point of view, (Roberg G, 2005) the only undesirable thing should be the possibility of harm. He emphasizes on conducting fundamental analysis to work out a companys future profits, so as to determine the congenital survey instead of monitoring the channel equipment casualtys. This is because in the long term, the investment expiry is mainly harmed by misjudging the business value, including misjudging of inflation rate and use up rate etc. As much(pre nominal phrase), risk is defined differently between Mr Buffett and Modern Portfolio Theory one is defined by possibility of misjudging theintrinsic value of business, the other being simplified to variance of expected returns. If we consider risk as a probability statement, then maybe Mr Buffetts definition is closer to the original meaning.Also, the assumption of maximising one- level expected utility is non what Buff et focuses on in his investment strategies.(Roberg G, 2005)In this case, Justin Industries, which was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 2000, can serve as a good example. During the five years prior to the acquisition, stock price of Justin Industries dropped by 37 percent, which should result in a huge variance of expected return. But Mr Buffett saw it as a perfect opportunity to purchase a well-managed tralatitious business with over 100 years of history. He offered a 23 percent premium over stock price at the time, and the stock price shot up by 22% on the day of announcement.It is also stated by Markowitz that, (Markowitz, 1952)a rule of behaviour which does non imply the high quality of diversification must be rejected both(prenominal) as a hypothesis and as a maxim. On the contrary, Mr Buffett has his famous quote, (Roberg G, 2005)diversification serves as a protection against ignorance. If you want to make sure that nothing bad happens to you relative to the grocery, you should own everything. There is nothing wrong with that. Its a perfectly enunciate approach for somebody who doesnt experience how to analyse business.One can always argue that Berkshire Hathaway does not operate in only one industry, and they feed to invest in more industries in recent years. But as the business grows in volume, it is reasonable to be involved in new industries when thither be few sound investment opportunities in the industries they already operate in, let alone that the technology industry was rarely in the list of holdings of Berkshire Hathaway, not even when Apples stock was soaring. The reason being, (Roberg G, 2005)investmentsuccess is not about how much you know but how realistically you define what you dont know.Chart 1 (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007)Distribution of Berkshire Hathaway Investments by IndustryThe chart above shows distribution of Berkshire Hathaways investments by industry and firm size during the time haul up 1976-2006. Judging by the s ize and number of investments, it can be concluded that a large amount of wealth was placed in manufacturing industry during the 30 years in study, although for diversification purpose, more weight could have been placed in the industry of agriculture, forestry and fishing, construction or retail trade.Having compared the differences, it is still worth noting that Markowitz did not rule out fundamental analysis in portfolio natural selection process, as is said in his foregoing cover,(Markowitz, 1952)the process of selecting a portfolio may be divided up into two stages. The first stage starts with observation and experience and ends with beliefs about the future performances of available securities. The second stage starts with relevant beliefs about future performances and ends with the choice of portfolio. This paper is concerned with the second stage.Part 2 Efficient foodstuff meditationThe dependable form of efficient market hypothesis states that all information, no matt er public or private, instantaneously affects current stock price. Semi-strong form is only concerned with public information, while the weak form suggests that current stock price reflects information in the previous prices. In short, they simply imply that in the long run, no one should be able to beat the market in terms of investment return.As is said in Famas paper in 1970, (Eugene F, 1970)the evidence in support of the efficient markets model is extensive, and (somewhat uniquely in economics) contradictory evidence is sparse. However, warren Buffet has always criticised efficient market hypothesis as much as he could. The major(ip)reason is that, as a fundamental analysis advocate, (Roberg G, 2005)he thinks analysing all available information make an analyst at advantage. He once said, (Banchuenvijit, 2006)investing in a market where people believe in efficiency is like playing bridge with someone who has been told it does not do any good to step at the cards. Also in his s peech at Columbia University in 1984, he mentioned, ships will sail around the world but the Flat body politic Society will flourish. There will lead to be wide discrepancies between price and value in the marketplace, and those who read their Graham Dodd will continue to prosper.(Roberg G, 2005)To illustrate, we can take hold Berkshire Hathaways acquisition of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp. in 2009 for example. At the time, shares of Burlington Northern had dropped 13 percent in 12 months. Also, the market was aristocratic during GFC, so the possibility of competitive bids was low according to Tony Russo, a partner at Gardner Russo Gardner, which holds Berkshire shares. If efficient market hypothesis does stand, the market would rebound quickly when GFC took place, and such opportunity of relatively low-priced acquisition would not exist. Even if it exists, other investor should anticipate quick upward adjustment of price and participate in control when they find out abo ut this opportunity.However, this does not prove that fundamental analysis is superior, because intrinsic value is not yet clear defined, and how does Mr Buffet calculate the intrinsic value is still a mystery.Part 3 enceinte asset set ModelWhen examining assumptions of Capital Asset Pricing Model, it is obvious that Mr Buffett is at odds with almost every one of them.Firstly, the model assumes that all investors are Markowitz efficient, but as mentioned primitively, Mr Buffett does not treat variance of expected return as an imperative drawback, so the second rule that Markowitz Efficiency must follow does not stand.Secondly, the model is backed by the assumption that investors havehomogeneous expectations and equal admission to opportunities, which suggests that everyone is supposed to have the same view of future profit stream. However, as a recent paper pointed out, (Frazzini, et al., 2013)Mr Buffetts return is largely due to his selection of stocks. If everyone has the s ame view with Mr Buffett and the same access to the investment opportunities, then if not everyone, a large number of people should be as rich as Mr Buffett, when the reality is the opposite. So Mr Buffett would not agree with this assumption either.The third assumption is that capital markets are in equilibrium, which is practically what only efficient markets can achieve, which, as discussed above, is not in line with Mr Buffetts view point.The final one, which is that Capital Asset Pricing Model only works within one period time horizon, is apparently against Mr Buffetts long-term holding strategy.Apart from model assumptions, one of the strongest contradictions between Mr Buffetts view point and Capital Asset Pricing Model is that the model is for short-term predictingpurpose, which would clearly be categorised into (Roberg G, 2005)speculation instead of investment by Mr Buffett. In addition, market portfolio is not of practical use, compared with Mr Buffetts way of only analysi ng businesses he is familiar with, because the market portfolio we use cannot truly represent the entire market.Part 4 Multi-factor Pricing ModelsUnlike Capital Asset Pricing Model, which has only one factor, in Multi-factor Pricing Models, such as Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Fama-French three-factor model, the rate of return is linked to several factors.As diversification is still suggested by the model, the same divergence on diversification exists with Mr Buffets strategies and Multi-factor PricingModels.Moreover, differences also lie in the fact that multi-factor models ordinarily take in some macroeconomic factors, which investors should not consider according to Mr Buffett, (Roberg G, 2005)the rationale being that if a single stock price cannot be predicted, the general economic condition would be more difficult to predict.Despite the differences, some micro factors included in the multi-factor model, such as P/E ratio and book-to-market ratio, can also be used to conduct fundamental analysis to determine the intrinsic value and possibility of growth of a business. As such, the ideas of which factors to take into account can coincide within the two different approaches.Chart 2(Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007)Factor Regressions of Berkshire Hathaway and Mimicking PortfoliosIn a paper by Gerald S. Martin and John Puthenpurackal, they conduct a regression analysis using Fama-French three-factor and Carhart four-factor models on monthly returns of Berkshire Hathaway and mimicking portfolios. (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007)The adjusted excess returns turn out to be significant with p-values 0.024 the excess market return and high-minus-low book-to-market factors are again significant with p-values 0.01. However, small-minus-big and prior 2-12 month return momentum factors are not significantly explanatory factors.As such, preliminary conclusion can be reached that book-to-value highminus-low can be a common factor in both multi-factor models and Mr Buffetts fundamental analysis. In addition, the factors of firm size and momentum are not likely to be considered by Mr Buffett. Also, both Berkshires and mimicking portfolios returns outperform the multi-factor models in study. (Bowen Rajgopal, 2009)But as is pointed out in another thesis, the superior performance is attributed to the earlier years and they observe no significant alpha during the recent decade.Part 5 Black-Scholes Option Pricing ModelAccording to Berkshire Hathaways letter to shareholders in 2008,(Buffett, 2008)their beat contracts reported a mark-to-market loss of $5.1 billion, and this led to Mr Buffetts criticism towards the Black-Scholes formula as is claimed by the media.However, the loss was in fact caused by comprehension of volatility in the formula when volatility becomes irrelevant as the duration before maturity lengthens. As Mr Buffett said in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)if the formula is applied to lengthened time periods, it can produce absurd results. In fa irness, Black and Scholes almost certainly understood this point well. But their devoted followers may be ignoring whatever caveats the two men attached when they first unveiled the formula. As such, Mr Buffetts comment on Black-Scholes formula is more of self-criticism than the other way around.This is reflected in his earlier comment on performance in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)I believe each contract we own was mispriced at inception, sometimes dramatically so. I both initiated these positions and monitor them, a set of responsibilities consistent with my belief that the CEO of any large financial organization must be the Chief Risk officer as well. If we lose money on our derivatives, it will be my fault.We can understand wherefore Mr Buffett gave this fair comment about the formulae when referring to the Black-Scholes paper,(Black Scholes, 1973)if the expiration date of the woof is very far in the future, then the price of the bond that pays the exercise price on the maturit y date will be very low, and the value of the option will be approximately equal to the price of the stock. Mr Buffett also commented that (Buffett, 2008)The Black-Scholes formula has approached the status of holy writ in finance, and we use it when valuing our equity put options for financial statements purposes. Key inputs to the calculation include a contracts maturityand strike price, as well as the analysts expectations for volatility, interest rates and dividends and that even so, we will continue to useBlack-Scholes when we are estimating our financial-statement liability for long-term equity puts. The formula represents conventional wisdom and any substitute that I might offer would engender extreme scepticism.Despite Mr Buffetts confession, a scholar studied the letter and reached a different conclusion why the loss was do(Cornell, 2009)He first ruled out risk-free rate, inflation rate and drift and focused on volatility, which is consistent with where Mr Buffett thought h e made a mistake. The lognormal diffusion assumption, which implies that volatility increases linearly with respect to the horizon over which it is measured, was discussed at length with controversial evidence. As such, its misuse is not a strong explanation regarding the absurd results.He then found out in the letter that Mr Buffett believed that inflationary policies of governments and central banks will limit future declines in nominal stock prices compared with those predicted by a historically estimated lognormal distribution. If Mr Buffet is right, then the Black-Scholes model will indeed significantly overvalue long-dated put options, to which a practical solution is making the left-hand tail truncated to reduce the value of long-dated put options.SummaryThroughout this essay, we have discussed the common views and divergences between Mr Buffetts investment strategies and Modern Finance Theories. Now we summarize the main points as followsCommon viewsDivergencesBlack-Scholes Option Pricing ModelModern Portfolio TheoryEfficient Market HypothesisCapital Asset Pricing ModelMulti-factor ModelsChart 3Common Views and Divergences between Modern Finance Theory andMr Buffetts StrategiesModern Finance TheoriesModern Portfolio TheoryDivergences with Warren Buffet1. Risk Defined as Volatility2. in short Investment Horizon3. DiversificationEfficient Market HypothesisCapital Asset Pricing ModelReliability of Fundamental Analysis1. Markowitz Efficient Investors2. Homogeneous Expectation andEqual Access to Opportunities3. Markets in Equilibrium4. Short Investment Horizon5. Predicting Function Leads toSpeculation6. Impractical Market Portfolio7. DiversificationMulti-factor Models1. Macro Factors2. DiversificationChart 4Detailed Divergences between Modern Finance Theory and Mr Buffetts StrategiesBibliographyBanchuenvijit, W., 2006. Investment Philosophy of Warren E. Buffet, Bankok The University of Thai Chamber ofCommerce.Black, F. Scholes, M., 1973. The Pricing of O ptions and Corporate Liabilities. The Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), pp. 637-654.Bowen, R. M. Rajgopal, S., 2009. Do Powerful Investors Influence Accounting, face and Investing Decisions?, Washington D.C. University of Washington.Buffett, W. E., 2008. Letter to Shareholders, Omaha Berkshire Hathaway, Inc..Cornell, B., 2009. Warren Buffet, Black-Scholes and the Valuation of Long-dated Options, Pasadena California Institute of Technology.Davis, J., 1991. 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